The Death Penalty Was The Babylonian King Hammurabi

Name: Victoria Ming Topic: The Death Penalty I. Intro/Background A. History: 1. An early supporter of the death penalty was the Babylonian King Hammurabi. In his set of laws, he set the legal punishment â€Å"an eye for an eye†. This popular phrase was used to punish criminals with death for 25 crimes, although murder was not one of them. 2. By the 10th Century BC, hanging, drowning, boiling, and burning, were added as ways for punishing simple crimes, or even for actions that today would not be considered crimes. 3. In Europe, the death penalty increased in the 1700s with the rules of absolute monarchs, when 222 crimes were punishable by death in Great Britain. 4. The French developed guillotines during the French Revolution as a more humane way of killing, though it was later discovered that the one being executed was still conscious after the head was separated from the body. 5. The first recorded American death sentence was in 1608, when George Kendall was accused of planning to betray the British to the Spanish. B. Key terms: 1. The Death Row Phenomenon, better known as Death Row Syndrome, is a result of lack of motivation and human interaction in life. 2. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Maslow was a psychologist who lived from 1908 to 1970. He established a hierarchy of needs for all human beings in the setup of a pyramid. Those at the bottom of the pyramid had to be filled before moving up to the next level of needs. 1. At the bottom are the physiological needs of food,Show MoreRelatedThe Law of Hammurabi in Mesopotamia and Babylon815 Words   |  3 PagesHammurabi, King and ruler of Babylon from 1792-1750 B.c at the beginning of his rein, Mesopotamia was divided into many city states, all with their own patterns of shifting rules, but Hammurabi eventually brought the entire region under his control, he collected laws from varied city states, and wrote down a set of codes, that soon governed the entire area (King 56). Hammurabi’s written code allowed lot to be a matter of public knowledge and so help advance the rule of law in society. Babylon’s greatRead MoreThe Code Of Hammurabi : Ancient Babylonian Culture And Justice1692 Words   |  7 PagesThe Code of Hammurabi is the most fascinating and useful source on Ancient Babylonian culture and justice. The intricately carved cuneiform record of a legal code is evocative of Hammurabi and his authoritarian style of leadership, and ind icative of how important his legacy was to him. It also reveals that the kingdom under his rule had an organised society, with a rigid class-structure. This code was no mere theoretical exercise, but a series of practical laws that extended to shaping the society’sRead MoreThe Code Of Hammurabi Code896 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1750 B.C. a new king of babylonia arose by the name of Hammurabi. He continued his reign up until 1792 B.C. but most importantly his reign did not go unforgotten. During his reign he was in charge of giving punishments to the wrongdoings of his citizens. As he conquered other cities and his empire grew he saw the need to unify groups he controlled, he was concerned about keeping order in his kingdom. In order to achieve this goal, he needed one universal set of laws for all the people he conqueredRead MoreEssay on The Code of Hammurabi951 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Code of Hammurabi† is considered to be one of the most valuable finds of human ex istence. In fact its very existence created the basis for the justice system we have come to rely on today. The creation of â€Å"the Code† was a tremendous achievement for not only Babylonian society but for the entire Mesopotamian region as King Hammurabi was ruler over all of that area. Its conception can be considered to be the first culmination of the laws of different regions into a single, logical text. Hammurabi wantedRead MoreEssay The Treatment of Women of Ancient Babylon1566 Words   |  7 Pagesto women for their citizens to abide by. One of these ancient cultures consisted of Babylon. With the evidence provided by Hammurabi’s Law Code, it remains clear that ancient Babylonian women exercised little rights and privileges, forced to mainly maintain the structural unit of family and the home. Most women in Babylonian society took the role of an obedient wife first and foremost. Because Hammurabi’s Code lists a compilation of laws, most of what the primary sources depict about wives and womenRead MoreThe Code of Hammurabi Essay1110 Words   |  5 Pagesfamily life, education, government, and business. These basic values were set forth by an early civilization known as the Babylonians. There is a lot about Babylonian society that can be learned through reading the Code of Hammurabi. In the very least, the document itself and the materials used to produce it tell a lot about how advanced the empire was. In some cases, punishment was left to the gods to determine. The code is interpreted by beginning and ending addressing the gods . Law codes wereRead MoreLaw Code of Hammurabi966 Words   |  4 PagesLaw Code of Hammurabi Formerly a region of much conflict, the Babylonian Kingdom unified Sumerian and Akkadian city-states under King Hammurabi. King Hammurabi was the first king of Babylon, he reigned from 1792-1750 B.C.E. (Arts and Culture).During his reign Babylon became a great metropolis. Hammurabi’s code was a legal document that is today considered not only the earliest known written body of laws, but also historic art. The law codes are inscribed on to a stele, which is a slab of stoneRead MoreHammurabis Code: Just or Unjust?1585 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween Rivers,† was one of the greatest and the oldest ancient civilizations of the world. This civilization flourished around 3000 B.C. on the piece of fertile land, now known as Iraq, between the rivers Euphrates and Tigris. Before 1792 B.C., the city-states of ancient Mesopotamia were not united and constantly clashed in turmoil and warfare. In 1792 B.C., King Hammurabi conquered and merged the neighboring city stat es of ancient Mesopotamia, creating a Babylonian empire and becomingRead MoreLaws and Rituals throughout History Began with the Code of Hammurabi1361 Words   |  6 Pagescivilization known as the Babylonians. Law codes were regarded as a subject for prayer. However, to truly gain an understanding of Mesopotamia in the 17th Century BC, we should take a closer look at the penalties rather than the laws themselves. There is a lot about Babylonian society that can be learned through reading the Code of Hammurabi. In the very least, the document itself and the materials used to produce it tell how advanced the empire was. In some cases, punishment was left to the gods toRead MoreBabylonian Class Hierarchy It’s Presence in Hammurabi’s Code of Law890 Words   |  4 PagesBabylonian Class Hierarchy It’s Presence in Hammurabi’s Code of Law Upon reading articles and texts concerning Hammurabi’s Code of law, I made a connection between its context and the class hierarchy of early Babylonian civilizations. The structure of the code of law parallels the expectation or rights of those in the different class levels. There are standards that each may be held to, and deviations of those standards have differing penalties for the different classes of peoples. What I found

Prescription Drug Abuse Among Adolescents - 1628 Words

Nursing Informatics Quality Improvement Prescription Drug Abuse Among Adolescents Have you ever heard these words –hillbilly H, a-minus, red birds, Vitamin R, and roses? There is no question that we have heard some of these words. Yet, what is unexpected is they are all code words used by teens for prescription drugs (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2016). Prescription drug abuse among teens has rapidly increased, and has become a public health concern. (Milner, Ham, Zamboanga, 2014.) With many other issues going on in today’s world; there is a need to provide technological interventions to decrease the incidence of this issue. Prescription drug monitoring systems should be used to help with screening and monitoring patients who are prescribed high-risk medications. With the implementation of any new improvement plan, there are barriers and ways to overcome them. Primary care physicians struggle to screen and monitor adolescents that are at high-risk for prescription drug abuse, and implementing a system can help decrease abuse rates. Background Prescription drugs such as opioids, stimulants, and sedatives are being used appropriately for medical reasons, however fifty-two million people have used these drugs for non-medical reasons (Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), 2012). Unfortunately, it has been realized that this issue is becoming an epidemic, and that seventy-eight people are dying each day from prescription overdoses setting a record high in 2014 and beating outShow MoreRelatedPrescription Drug Abuse : Drug And Free World1508 Words   |  7 Pagesaged 12 to 17 abuse a prescription pain reliever for the first time (â€Å"Prescription Drug Abuse Statistics – Overdoes Deaths – Drug-Free World,†n.d.) A 2007 survey in the United States found that 3.3% of 12 to 17 years olds and 6% of 17 to 25 year olds had abused prescription drugs in the past month (â€Å"Prescription Drug Abuse Statistics – Overdoes Deaths – Drug-Free World,†n.d.) Prescription drug abuse causes the largest per centage of deaths from drug overdoses (â€Å"Prescription Drug Abuse StatisticsRead MorePrescription Drug Use And Drug Abuse1691 Words   |  7 PagesPrescription drug abuse is an ongoing problem in rural teens. The National Survey on Drug Use and Health suggests that 13% of teens between the ages of 12-17 have experimented with nonmedical prescription drugs at some point in their lives. Researchers have identified several factors linked with nonmedical prescription drug use such as their school enrollment status, history of depression, and a two parent household presence (Gever, 2010). Nonmedical prescription drug abuse has been the rise, inRead MoreDrug Abuse And Addiction Among Teenagers1704 Words   |  7 PagesStudies have shown that prescription drug abuse and addiction among teenagers is on a steady incline. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, â€Å"prescription drug abuse is the use of a medication without a prescription, in a way other than as prescribed, of for the experience or feelings elicited.† This is a pervasive problem that is in fact consuming the lives of many teens, primarily because prescription drugs are easily accessible in their environment. There are several interpersonalRead MoreThe s Fastest Growing Drug Problem1750 Words   |  7 Pagesopioids are described as the â€Å"ation’s fastest-growing drug problem† (p. 276) and are also known as narcotics. Opioids originated from the opium poppy and have been chemically altered throughout the years in order to create more potent drugs such as hydrocodone ( e.g., Vicodin), oxycodone (e.g., OxyContin, Percocet), morphine (e.g., Kadian, Avinza), and codeine. Known for analgesic properties, opioids are seen to be the most commonly used drugs among clinicians. Historically, although these narcoticsRead MoreOpioids And Its Effects On Society1722 Words   |  7 Pagesopioids are described as the â€Å"nation’s fastest-growing drug problem† (p. 276) and are also known as narcotics. Opioids originated from the opium poppy and have been chemically altered throughout the years in order to create more potent drugs such as hydrocodone (e.g., Vicodin), oxycodone (e.g., OxyContin, Percocet), morphine (e.g., Kadian, Avinza), and codeine. Known for analgesic properties, opioids are seen to be the most commonly used drugs among clinicians. Although these narcotics are legally prescribedRead MoreThe Purpose Of This Paper Seeks To Analyze The Effects1208 Words   |  5 Pagesthis paper seeks to analyze the effects of prescription drug abuse. In the first article identified the author seeks to identify the differences between peer and parent influence on the misuse of prescription drug as it relates to ethnicity. The second article to be investigation into prescription drug use misuse and drug problems as it pertains to motivational context. The third and final article seeks to education young adults on medical prescription drug use. A parent’s attitudes regarding substanceRead MoreNon Medical Use Of Prescription Drugs Among Treatment Essay1290 Words   |  6 PagesNon-medical use of prescription drugs among treatment seeking population in Singapore: the impact on life and services (temp title) Asharani PV, Mythily Subramaniam, Edimansyah Bin Abdin, Guo Song, Christopher Cheok Prescription medications have improved the overall well beings of patients worldwide with many new drugs hitting the market in the past decade. These drugs which are prescribed by the general practitioners and specialist to treat various ailments were diverted and abused by people leadingRead MoreSubstance Abuse Among Teenagers : A Survey1201 Words   |  5 PagesSubstance Abuse Among Teenagers Hannah is a fifteen year old girl who was recently sent to a rehabilitation center for the result of abuse of prescription medication. 6.1 million high school students currently use addictive substances, and like Hannah, 1 in 3 of them are addicted (â€Å"National Study Reveals,†2011). Although the number of teens using these drugs are decreasing, the numbers are still dangerously high. Due to it’s high risk of addiction, dangerous consequences, and growing availabilityRead MorePrevention of Adolescent Drug Addictions1408 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Prevention of Adolescent Drug Addictions Abstract Drug addictions among today’s adolescent is climbing to an all-time high rate. Parents need to become more proactive in the prevention of their children becoming addicted to drugs. However, parents alone cannot handle this overwhelming task, the local schools and the community will need to take action also. Together this is a possible task, team work and consistency will prevail and save adolescents from being drug addicts. Read MoreDrug Use Among Medical Marijuana Laws Get Their Pot From Other People s Prescriptions1039 Words   |  5 Pagesingredient in the drug that causes addiction) is nearly five times stronger than it was 20 years ago. One-third of teenagers who live in States with medical marijuana laws get their pot from other people s prescriptions. The United States represents 5 percent of the world s population and 75 percent of prescription drugs taken. Sixty percent of teens who abuse prescription drugs get them free from friends and relatives. The purpose of this study is to explore drug use in adolescent students, focusing

Operations Management at Rolls Royce Free Essays

Automobile sector is one of the most competitive and technological driven sector of the world, taking an advantage edge on Innovation and technology the automobile companies such as Ford, Honda, BMW etc. have successfully implemented these changes into its product as well process and introduced differentiated product in the market. To remain competitive, it is important for the organization to focus on its operations and supply management with which they are able to achieve competitive advantage over the other company. We will write a custom essay sample on Operations Management at Rolls Royce or any similar topic only for you Order Now The CEO of Rolls Royce has strongly focused on enhancing the operations management in 2006 so as improve on its production. Facilities: In 2006, the company commenced its operations at Derby, Hucknall, Barnoldswick and Bristol. These facilities are equipped with the modern working facilities along with the old repair and overhaul workforce in Montreal. With this the operations and the productivity of the company will improve which will help the company is producing more effective cars in 2007. Inventory: The inventory of the company was increased in 2006 because of the growth and demand of the products. The company needed raw material to build the end product . The inventory is also expected to increase further in 2007 which will help in improving on the productivity of the company. For this it is important for the company to manage its working capital adequately. Information: The company enhanced on technology as well as learning in 2006. The company used its process excellence programme so as to continue to improve on its quality and production. With this the company was able to improve on its quality by 20% in 2006 as compared with 2005. Read also Exam Operations Management With this the company will be able to further enhance quality and productivity of the company. The company also implemented and standardised ERP system to its unit in Europe, this is going to expand to the other units as well in 2007 which will help in improving the operations of the company. The company will be implementing its remaining IT ERP across its facilities which will help in enhancing its global supply chain management. Sourcing: With a strong focus on building supply chain management, the company is able to improve on its sourcing and having low cost production. With the enhancement in the supply chain the company will be able to further improve on its supply chain, operations and cost. Pricing: Even with the increase in the prices of the fuel and some metals, the company has aligned its operations and activities with such a way that it has been able to focus on reducing the overall cost of overhead as well as value activities. The company also increased the number of employees so as to increase the productivity of the company. Even despite of all these measure, the per unit cost of the product is expected to increase in 2007 which might affect the sales of the company. How to cite Operations Management at Rolls Royce, Papers

Public Health for New Zealand Defense Force - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePublic Health for New Zealand Defense Force. Answer: The New Zealand Defense Force (NZDF) announced the bid to become smoke free by 2020. The aimed to do this by reducing rate of defense personnel from 12% to 5%. The ban on sale of cigarette and making houses smoke free will improve the quality of life of the wider defense community[1]. This change can be regarded as a standalone health promoting intervention because its focuses mainly on reducing the rate of smoking and the objective is not dependent on combination of other interventions. It had standalone objective of banning the sale of cigarette and no other health promotion activities like mass advertising campaigns, peer education program, health warning or marketing restrictions on tobacco products. The change can be framed as a systems approach to health promotion if it had included other complex system too to achieve the smoke free objective. This means focusing on taxation of tobacco products, controlling the sale of such products, educating the public about risk of smoking, adequately displaying health warning on cigarettes and conducting motivational interviewing. This might have ensured that all the complex system involved in promoting smoking is covered as part of health promotion activities[2]. Overall, the systems approach to health promotion would be more effective in bringing the change. The change that NZDF has proposed is not relevant to the systems approach of health promotion because it did not focused on transforming the complex system that is involved in selling and buying tobacco product. The focus was just on banning the sale of product and no other activities such as influencing people to discourage smoking was done. Other influences in the system such as factors leading to smoking among people and the motivation behind smoking are not addressed. A report also mentions that improving the population health is dependent on changing the societal structure and functions[3]. Hence, campaigns regarding raising the awareness of people regarding ill effects of smoking would be an effective primary tool for smoking prevention and cessation. Unintended consequence of change: There might be unintended consequence of change as proposed during health promotion activities. For example, immediate banning of cigarettes might lead to mass resistance of people and people might take this as infringement of their rights. Hence, preparing for such resistance during health promotion planning is important to counteract different effects of the change process. The article covered the New Zealand defense plan of becoming smoke free by 2020. However, this plan was a standalone health promoting activities where the complex system involved in promoting smoking was not included. Secondly, there was no action or framing regarding the unintended consequence of change. Hence, the appropriate step in this condition would have been to be prepared for unintended effects too. On this basis, unanticipated actions can be readily identified and the NZDF might be prepared for dealing with these effects too[4]. This approach would help to respond to different policy environment and Reference 'About good health' - Defence Force to stamp out smoking on bases by 2020. (2017). 1 NEWS NOW. Retrieved 28 August 2017, from https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/good-health-defence-force-stamp-smoking-bases-2020. Golechha, Mahaveer. "Health promotion methods for smoking prevention and cessation: A comprehensive review of effectiveness and the way forward."International journal of preventive medicine7 (2016). Healton, Cheryl G., Donna Vallone, and Julie Cartwright. "Unintended consequences of tobacco policies."American journal of preventive medicine37.2 (2009): S181-S182. Leischow, Scott J., et al. "Systems thinking to improve the public's health."American journal of preventive medicine35.2 (2008): S196-S203.

Archaeology of Ancient People

Colombia a Narrative Report essays

Colombia a Narrative Report essays Colombia or its official name the republic of Colombia is located in South America neighboring the Caribbean Sea as well as the Pacific Ocean. It is also situated south of Panama, west of Venezuela, and Brazil, and north of Peru and Ecuador. The total area is 1,138,910 sq km, which makes it the fourth largest country in South America. Because of Colombias position the climate varies between the different altitudes. Its between 24Â ° to 27C along the coast and plains and can descend to -18Â ° to 13C in the highlands. Colombia is the wealthiest country in mineral resources. It is the leading source of emeralds, and a major contributor in platinum, gold, silver, copper, and natural gas. Colombia has many natural hazards, and issues. It sometimes experiences earthquakes, droughts, and the highlands are exposed to volcanic activity. It is currently experiencing some environmental problems because of car pollution, and pesticides. Colombia is also suffering deforestation and poor soil qu ality which can be contributed to the slash-and-burn farming methods. The Colombian population in July 2002 was estimated to be 41,008,227 people. The life expectancy for females is estimated to be 75 years, while the male expectancy is estimated at 67 years. The ethnic structure of Colombia is assortment of different races. Nearly 58% of the population is Mestizo which is a mix of Spanish and Native American. Approximately 14% are Mulatto which is a mix of black and white, close to 20% is of European descent. While the remaining 8 % are Native Americans, Blacks, and people of mixed race. The dominant religion at 90% is Roman Catholic, and the main language spoken is Spanish. The literacy rate currently stands at approximately 91% of the total population over the age of 15 can read and write. Colombia has a very rich culture full of art, festi ...

The generation of green energy and its distribution in London Essay

The generation of green energy and its distribution in London - Essay Example This body consists of the mayor, directly elected by members, 25 members, who carry out inspection duties, and stuff consisting of about 700 persons (Greater London Authority, 2010). GLA draws its powers from two main acts: the Greater London Authority Acts, 1999 and 2007. GLA enjoys jurisdiction in areas such as policing, fire planning, environment, economic development, emergency and transport. In order for the body to carry out its duties effectively, it was thought wise to institute four bodies to assist in the management of the aforementioned services. These bodies include the London Fire and Emergency planning authority, Metropolitan Police Authority, London Development Agency and Transport for London (Greater London Authority 2010). The UK government funds GLA although some of its financial resources are received from direct taxes collected from the area. Responsibilities of the Greater London Authority In order to assure the welfare of its residents is prioritized, the UK gov ernment gave GLA, under the leadership of the mayor, certain responsibilities to make sure everything is done in accordance with the laid down rules for the betterment of London. In this regard, GLA has strategic administration responsibilities for the whole London city. To ensure this is done, it is responsible for coordination of the local authorities of the Greater London. ... The second responsibility is that as the mayor of the city, he is responsible for preparation of the budgets, which are presented to the congress for debate and possible adoption. Thirdly, he is given powers to make appointments to bodies under his leadership as well as pan-London bodies. Finally, the Mayor of London is responsible for representing London city both internationally and at home, especially in matters pertaining to the city (Greater London Authority, 2010). Recent Environmental Policies and Strategies Introduced The Mayor of London notes that London seeks to be among the leading cities in the world in terms of environmental management and conservation. He notes that for this to be achieved, a bold step must be taken towards reducing pollution, consuming fewer resources, dealing with issues of climate change, and decreasing the level of carbon. Achieving this dream is not easy when people just talk about them but fail to implement. As such, the mayor came up with several strategies to be instituted in London in respect of the environment. The first proposal pertains to the lowering of air pollution in London. Dow (2009, p.12-28) notes that over 70% of the global energy is consumed by large towns, resulting in about 80% of greenhouse gas emissions. London is among the cities of the world with a high level of greenhouse gas emissions and the greatest emitter of greenhouse gases in UK – about 80%, which is approximated at about 44 million tons of carbon dioxide. Environmentalists argue that these emissions are likely to increase in London, considering that the town has been witnessing high population growth and economic development. It is for

Business law- Contracts and leases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business law- Contracts and leases - Essay Example Regardless of the type of business an individual runs, it is important to have an understanding of contract law as it is the key to making sound business agreements that can be enforced legally in the event of a dispute. Normally, a contract is enforced and governed by the laws of the country where it was made. In the United States of America, a contract is governed by two types of state laws, that is, the common law and the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) (Bagley and Dauchy, 2012). Common Law Common law is a law which governs contracts for services and contracts that are not governed by the Uniform Commercial Code. Most contracts such as employment agreements, general business agreements and leases are controlled by common law. Common law contracts can either be bilateral or unilateral. However, the contracts are valid only if the three elements of common law contract formation are met. The elements of formation are offer, acceptance and consideration (Bagley and Dauchy, 2012). The Un iform Commercial Code (UCC) The uniform commercial code (UCC) governs the contracts between merchants and the sale of goods. The law was written by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL) and the American Law Institute (ALI). It was published in 1952 to harmonize the law of sales and other commercial transactions in the United States. Although it has not been fully enacted, some provisions of the code have been adopted by all the fifty states of the US (Fullerton, 2011). Previously, the code was divided into 9 articles; however, after a number of reviews and revisions, the code is now divided into eleven articles with each giving provisions that relate to a particular area of commercial law. Article 1, gives the definitions of terms used in commercial law and the general principles that apply to the UCC. Article 2 covers all contracts pertaining to the sale of goods. Article 2A covers all transactions pertaining to leases of goods. Article 3 covers ne gotiable instruments such as checks and promissory notes. Article 4 governs bank collections of drafts and checks. Article 4A governs the transfer of funds through banks. Article 5 governs letters of credit. Article 6 governs bulk sales. Article 7 covers domestic documents of title. Article 8 covers all transactions in investment securities and article 9 applies to security interests in real property (Bagley and Dauchy, 2012). Differences between Contracts Formed Under Common Law and Contracts Governed By the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) Although both the common law and the UCC govern contracts, the two laws differ in various ways. The first difference is that, contracts under uniform commercial code apply to various commercial issues such as sale of goods, banking and security interests whereas common law contracts deal with the sale of real estates, employment contracts, insurance, services and sale of intangible assets (Prabhat, 2011). According to the UCC, a good is any item th at is tangible and movable. Therefore, the sale of a home is not a sale of goods since the home is immovable. Also, the sale of a right to a trademark is not a sale of goods since it is not tangible (Cornell University Law School, 2005). The second difference between the two contracts is that, contracts under UCC can be modified without additional considerations as long as they are made in good faith whereas those under common law except

Environment, More Than Genetics, Shapes Immune System Coursework

Environment, More Than Genetics, Shapes Immune System - Coursework Example It was apparent that some people react strongly to vaccines than others, which causes the production of extra antibodies (Conover, n.p). This explains the variations experienced in the genetic setup of individuals, including identical twins. The article provided additional insights into this week’s reading because it explained the circumstances that influence variability in responses to vaccines. This is because it contains experimental findings that were attained by professional immunologists. The research presented in this article demonstrates a significant advancement in the field because it highlights the various aspects that cause bodies to react separately to antibody production. This is a further advancement in the field to expose more elements that influence reactions to vaccines. The one concern that came to mind after reading the article is how identical twins can record different variations, yet their genetic structure is similar. It does not differentiate from the fraternal twins who can possess varying genetic compositions.

Child labour and possible prevention

Child labour and possible prevention The purpose of this essay is to discuss child labour and possible prevention. Child labour is when a child under the legal age (fifteen) are made to do work that is physically and mentally harmful and which interrupts their education or social development.1 Child labour is a serious problem in many countries. Africa and Asia has the most child employment with both making up 90% of total child employment. They are everywhere but invisible, toiling as domestic servants in homes, labouring behind the walls of workshops, hidden from view in plantations. The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that there are more than 200 million children today which are involved in child labour. Some of these children are as young as 5. Child labourers are involved in all type of jobs agriculture, the sex industry, carpet and textile industry, brick making, construction work, quarrying and prostitution. The children that are working in a dangerous or hazardous environment usually dont wear any type of protective clothing or equipment this exposes them to toxic fumes and dangerous chemicals. Child labour should be prevented as it is taking away the childrens childhood, education and it is harmful to their health. There are many reasons why a child is working as a labourer. Most work because of poverty, lack of education and also to support themselves and their families. 1 in 7 children worldwide are working as a child labourer. In Africa, it is 1 in 3 children. 166 million of the children are under the age of 14. 74 million are risking their lives because they are working in a dangerous environment such as mining and construction there are no safety standards, no one has protective equipment, they are all working with bare hands and feet and only earning less than US $1.00 a day. 2 Child labourers that are working in match factories will suffer from phossy jaw. Phossy jaw is caused by accidently ingesting chemicals to make matches. Sometimes the chemicals used to make the matches causes the gums and jaw to become so infected that the jaw bones have to be removed. 3 Child labourers work almost every single day. They work for up to 16 hours a day for 6 days a week. This leaves them to have no time for an education which is important for a childs future. Parents are sometimes responsible for child labour. They force their kids to go to work rather than getting an education. This happens because there are many people who are graduated but still are not able to get a job. Young boys are put into work such as agricultural as soon as they are old enough to do the work. This is from the age as young as 5. Young girls also have to work at a young age but the works they do are not as heavy as the boys. Young girls do household and domestic work. These children have to keep working and are just exhausted at the end of the day which leaves them with no play time with other kids at all. The children who are going to work every day dont get to spend much time with their own family. They dont even get time to play with other children in the same age. The only other children they are with are the ones that they are working with. The children who are suffering from physical and mental job stress will face several health problems in their childhood and later in their life. Child labour is a must for many countries in Africa and Asia, without child labour, it would be even more difficult to survive. But, efforts should also be made to eliminate it. The effort made should be done in a proper manner which will not worsen the problem for those who are already affected. For the unemployed, programs should be introduced which provide an adequate salary. For the poor and the orphan centres, education should be provided for free. Efforts should also be made to change the way parents view child labour. Many poor parents consider child labour as a good though they do not realise how it endangers their childrens health and development. Parents should be made to realize that it is in their best interest to not let their child work at a very young age as this will affect their health, development and self esteem. In general, poverty is the problem that is causing child labour, eliminating poverty would solve most of the problems in Africa and Asia. The world would be a better place for everyone especially the children that are working as a child labour. Without child labour, the children would be enjoying their childhood with friends instead of working every day. There are several other steps that could be taken to prevent child labour. many children left their homes in a way to avoid the abuse that they are victims of from their parents. To prevent this bad treatment, the government could help give conferences to the parents about child labor and the consequences that it brings. In this way, we can help prevent other children running away from home and living as homeless children. Another option could be to build homes for those children that are living in the streets. They will be sent to these homes and they would not have to live outside. In this way we can help prevent children from any abuse that they can suffer in the streets. In these homes, children are not supposed to work; they can study and learn a career, and they will get a better job and a future. Child labor is a very serious problem. Politicians should make laws to prevent child labor and find solutions. Children are our future and we have to take care of them if we want a better future. Bibliography 1 Child Labour Definition. (n.d.). Retrieved September 26, 2009, from http://www.redgoldfish.co.uk/viewglossary.asp?gid=45 2 YouTube Child Labour. (n.d.). Retrieved September 26, 2009, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruh0O_mj1v0 3 Child Labour and Disease VA Museum of Childhood. (n.d.). Retrieved September 26, 2009, from http://www.vam.ac.uk/moc/childrens_lives/health__work/health/index.html Child labour Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved September 27, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour

Virus Among the Navajo :: Native Americans Influenza Essays

Virus Among the Navajo Medical investigators, such as myself, have not given a great deal of attention to the "medical" traditions of indigenous groups in the past. But the outcomes of the recent investigation that took place in "The Four Corners" area exemplify our need to consider age-old notions right along with the ecological history of the region in question. A few months ago, the New Mexico Department of Health notified my department (Office of Medical Investigations) that three young and healthy adults from the Navajo Nation had died of a sudden respiratory illness. Their symptoms had been the similar: fever, chills, muscle aches, nausea and vomiting, and abdominal pain, followed by coughing and shortness of breath, then the abrupt onset of respiratory distress which is usually fatal (KCPH). Our first inclination was to look at diseases that are known to affect the Navajo specifically, such as bubonic plague, influenza, and viral pneumonia. However, laboratory results indicated that these disea ses had not caused the deaths, nor had toxic chemicals. Furthermore, the perplexing disease had begun to take the lives of non-Navajo people living near the reservation (AMNH). By the end of May the mysterious deaths had attracted significant media attention. I remember seeing the headline "Mystery Illness Kills 10 on Reservation" in the Sun-Sentinel while I was conducting interviews there. Without knowledge of a possible cause, our department, and several other agencies, began an intense investigation. Samples of tissue from patients infected with the mysterious disease were sent to the CDC Special Pathogens Branch for analysis. After a few weeks and several tests, the virologists linked the disease with an unknown type of hantavirus. Because other hantaviruses were known to be transmitted to people by inhalation or ingestion of rodent feces or urine, our next task was to collect as many species of rodent in the area as possible in order to pinpoint the source of the virus (AMNH). While trapping rodents, we decided that it was worth the risk to not wear protective clothing or masks so as to avoid alarming residents of "The Four Corners" region (CDC). After testing approximately 1,700 rodents we had found a link--the prevalent deer mouse carried the unknown type of hantavirus. But why was this mouse suddenly infecting people in this region? I was becoming frustrated, my years of work in medicine were failing me and I couldn't figure out why these people kept getting sick. Virus Among the Navajo :: Native Americans Influenza Essays Virus Among the Navajo Medical investigators, such as myself, have not given a great deal of attention to the "medical" traditions of indigenous groups in the past. But the outcomes of the recent investigation that took place in "The Four Corners" area exemplify our need to consider age-old notions right along with the ecological history of the region in question. A few months ago, the New Mexico Department of Health notified my department (Office of Medical Investigations) that three young and healthy adults from the Navajo Nation had died of a sudden respiratory illness. Their symptoms had been the similar: fever, chills, muscle aches, nausea and vomiting, and abdominal pain, followed by coughing and shortness of breath, then the abrupt onset of respiratory distress which is usually fatal (KCPH). Our first inclination was to look at diseases that are known to affect the Navajo specifically, such as bubonic plague, influenza, and viral pneumonia. However, laboratory results indicated that these disea ses had not caused the deaths, nor had toxic chemicals. Furthermore, the perplexing disease had begun to take the lives of non-Navajo people living near the reservation (AMNH). By the end of May the mysterious deaths had attracted significant media attention. I remember seeing the headline "Mystery Illness Kills 10 on Reservation" in the Sun-Sentinel while I was conducting interviews there. Without knowledge of a possible cause, our department, and several other agencies, began an intense investigation. Samples of tissue from patients infected with the mysterious disease were sent to the CDC Special Pathogens Branch for analysis. After a few weeks and several tests, the virologists linked the disease with an unknown type of hantavirus. Because other hantaviruses were known to be transmitted to people by inhalation or ingestion of rodent feces or urine, our next task was to collect as many species of rodent in the area as possible in order to pinpoint the source of the virus (AMNH). While trapping rodents, we decided that it was worth the risk to not wear protective clothing or masks so as to avoid alarming residents of "The Four Corners" region (CDC). After testing approximately 1,700 rodents we had found a link--the prevalent deer mouse carried the unknown type of hantavirus. But why was this mouse suddenly infecting people in this region? I was becoming frustrated, my years of work in medicine were failing me and I couldn't figure out why these people kept getting sick.