The Pros and Cons of Gene Therapy - 671 Words

Gene therapy is deemed to be the ‘use of genes as medicine’. â€Å"Gene therapy is a form of therapy that involves inserting one or more corrective genes that have been designed in the laboratory, into the genetic material of a patients cells to cure a genetic disease by replacing the missing or malfunctioning genes† (Mandal). There are two types of gene therapy, which are in vitro gene therapy, which takes place outside the body and in vivo therapy, which takes place inside the body. Both types are very time-consuming processes containing many detailed steps that can easily go wrong. First is in vitro or ex vivo gene therapy, which again is outside the body. In this technique, cells are surgically taken out from the tissue area that is impacted. The next step is that the corrective DNA or genes that will be used to treat the disease are spliced or injected into the cells, and then the cells are left to be cultured. The final step is that the new tissues are put back into the body in the area, which was affected. The use of bone marrow cells as recipients of the gene is very common due to the fact that they create the blood that will eventually be circulated throughout the body (Oracle ThinkQuest). Next, is the process of the in vivo gene therapy technique, where the therapeutic DNA is injected into the body at once. Most of the time, a gene directly inserted into a cell doesn’t function very well, hence a genetically engineered vector or carrier is used to transport andShow MoreRelatedEssay about Pros and Cons of Gene Therapy1541 Words   |  7 PagesPros and Cons of Gene Therapy Gene therapy is thought of by some people as an terrific discovery that could greatly improve the human population and also give people with certain disabilities some glimmer of hope. And on the other side of the coin there is some people that think we have no business playing God. They feel that playing God may possibly cause devastating effects to the human gene pool and may also led to misuse. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary defines gene therapy asRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Gene Therapy Gene therapy is a very controversial topic that has been700 Words   |  3 PagesThe Pros and Cons of Gene Therapy Gene therapy is a very controversial topic that has been discussed in the last five years and is being heavily studied to help cure cancer. Gene therapy is a technique aimed at treating genetic disorders by introducing the correct form of the defective gene into the patient’s genome (Dunlop et al., 2010). There are two main groups of gene therapy and they are germ line gene therapy and somatic gene therapy (Baksh, 2007). Germ line therapy consists of germ cellsRead MoreEssay about The Pros and Cons of Gene Therapy2362 Words   |  10 PagesWhat is Gene Therapy and what is it used for? Gene therapy (otherwise known as somatic gene therapy or therapeutic gene therapy) is a process that is used to correct defective genes responsible for development of various diseases. (www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BA/Gene_Therapy_Overview.php) There are two main types of gene therapy; somatic (body) cell gene therapy and germ line gene therapy. As it suggests, somatic gene therapy is correcting the faulty genes of normal body cells. Germ line therapyRead MoreEssay on A Look at Gene Therapy1264 Words   |  6 PagesWould you consider altering your DNA if it could save your life? Scientist have been working on gene therapy since the 1970s, this biotechnological form of medicine is the attempt to medically modify cells to help eliminate or prevent diseases by correcting defective genes. Imagine the possibilities of having your DNA tested for heritable diseases and being able to eliminate such diseases from your future. From 1990-2003 the Department of Energy coordinated a project called the Human Genome ProjectRead MoreEssay on Human Gene Therapy1696 Words   |  7 PagesHuman gene therapy Gene therapy is a technique used in attempts to cure or prevent genetic diseases at the molecular level (basically at the source) by correcting what is wrong with defective genes, a good version of the defective gene is introduced into the existing cells. This technique is still considered experimental, only being done through clinical trials. This idea was first suggested during the 1950’s. The basic idea was â€Å"if the basses can be arranged incorrectly then why can’t they beRead MoreTeen Depression : Genetics Or Situational Cause Word Count1379 Words   |  6 Pagesin tandem with post-traumatic stress. This source, MentalHelp, credible because they research about mental health and is not biased. In Mental Illness May Be In Your Genes it talks about genetic factors, but genetics is not the whole story and talks about how meteorological factors also have an impact into causing depression. â€Å"Genes aren’t the whole story and that something in the envir onment must also be involved to trigger a psychiatric problem† (Iliades 1). This quote states there is somethingRead MoreWhat Is Gene Therapy?832 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is gene therapy? It is known as an experimental technique which makes use of genes in order to help treat or prevent diseases. This is done when a doctor is able to insert a modified gene into a patient instead of having to make use of drugs and surgery. Several approaches to gene therapy have been tested such as: †¢ Replacing a mutated gene that causes illness or disease with a healthy copy. †¢ Taking a gene that functions improperly and making it inactive. †¢ Introducing a new gene into the bodyRead MoreGenetic Engineering Pros And Cons1648 Words   |  7 PagesGENETIC ENGINEERING: PROS: Pros of genetic engineering are the facts that scientists and doctors in our generation could first and foremost discover new diseases and parasites and types of unheard cancers and illnesses before they spread further than they need too. The doctors can therefore invent a cure for this illness before it spreads really far and before anyone else gets sick. With the genetic engineering they can then stop the spreading and cure the diseases before it gets out of hand. ThisRead MoreDesigner Babies1566 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Review of Designer Babies: The Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering Author: Siew Yang Yi Yin Ren. Designer Babies: The Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering. MURJ Volume 12, Spring 2005. Genetic engineering is the modification of an organism’s genome through direct human manipulation of the DNA using modern technology. Although classical genetic methods using selective breeding has been done by humans since thousands of years ago, the manipulation of genome of organism through advanceRead More A New Future: Gene Therapy Essay1434 Words   |  6 PagesA New Future: Gene Therapy Imagine a world where a person could change his or her genetic structure and redirect the future course of evolution in their child and themselves. Through gene therapy this is a very real possibility. In the future it could be just as easy to change your physical or mental health as it is to get flu shot now. But the affects of gene therapy are long lasting and could affect your future offspring as well as your own health. What is gene therapy? First discovered

Risk Management And Sentinel Events - 1322 Words

Portfolio Project: Risk Management and Sentinel Events According to the Joint Commission (2014), a sentinel event is an unexpected occurrence whereby a death or serious physical or psychological injury occurs. Because of their severity, there is an expectation of an immediate investigation and response to the event. In the case study (2014) for analysis, a serious sentinel event occurred with the death of an infant born to a mother with a history of syphilis. While understandably upsetting, a sentinel event can also have long-term, deleterious repercussions for a healthcare organization. The following analysis will detail the event itself, but will concentrate on the risk manager’s role in investigating, addressing, and responding to this or any sentinel event. In addition, the discussion includes the importance of initializing preventative measures to mitigate the risk of future recurrences. While avoiding risk is everyone’s business, the risk manager’s role is vital to protect against losses, litigation, accreditat ion issues, and damage to the organization’s reputation in today’s complex healthcare environment. The Sentinel Event and Risk Management Every day in this country, millions of people enter the hospital for a variety of reasons with the expectation of receiving the best of care. In the vast majority of hospital admits, the patient is treated and discharged without incidence. However, this is not the case for the estimated 210,000-400,000 annual patient deathsShow MoreRelatedRisk Management Plays a Vital Role in Healthcare Organizations606 Words   |  3 Pages Risk managers are a vital lifeline in the healthcare organization. If this organization had an active risk manager in place, many of the events leading up to the infant losing its life could have been prevented. There are many steps that a risk manager must take once a risk is identified, this paper will walk through the steps that are required after the risk happened. A risk manager plays an important role with the events in this infant case study. Risk managers hold a wide varietyRead MoreRisk Management Helps to Prevent Errors Essay1229 Words   |  5 Pages Ways that the risk manager could prevent this type of event happening in the future would be to establish and maintain a functional pediatric formulary system with policies for drug evaluation, selection and therapeutic use. To prevent timing errors in medication administration, standardize how days are counted in all protocols by deciding upon a protocol start date. Limit the number of concentrations and dose strengths of high alert medications to the minimum needed to provide safeRead MoreDescription And Scope Of The Problem1659 Words   |  7 Pages2014; Lukasewicz Anderson, 2015). The Joint Commission (TJC) issued a Sentinel Event Alert in 2013 on device alarm safety which subsequently led to the creation of the National Patient Safety Goal 06.01.01 (TJC, 2014). Th e alert and goal was published with an aim at acute care hospitals because of reported adverse and sentinel patient events and data that related to the nature of these events, indicating there is significant risk related to clinical alarm systems. The NPSG 06.01.01 is a requirementRead MoreThe Effects Of Risk Management On Health Care Organizations894 Words   |  4 PagesIn the context of risk management, there are several ways that Failure Mode and Effects Analysis can be used to improve processes in health care organizations. According to Stanley Davis and colleagues, documenting and analyzing potential risks proactively is essential for improving patient safety (Davis, et al., n.d.). The article states that Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is used prospectively to identify the possible system failures, and to fix the problems to make the system more robustRead MoreEssay on Providing Quality Patient Care1513 Words   |  7 Pageshealthcare that considers individual ne eds, preferences, and culture. (5) Equitable: healthcare quality that does not vary because of race, gender, ethnicity, geographical location, or socioeconomically status. (6) Safe: healthcare that minimizes harm and risks to patients. (Bengoa, 2006) Another factor being looked at in quality of care is patient satisfaction. There has been some debate as to whether the patient’s perception of their care truly reflects the quality of care. I feel like this can be lookedRead MoreQuality Improvement And Risk Management1381 Words   |  6 Pagesdeveloped this manual to introduce new employees to the basic concepts of risk and quality management within the institution. This manual meets the institution’s initiative for continuous quality improvement within each department and the opportunity to mitigate areas of risk whenever possible. In order to accomplish this goal, it is important for the new employee to be able to identify what quality improvement and risk management mean within the institution. The institution believes that when employeesRead MoreThe Quality Risk Management Plan1331 Words   |  6 PagesThe quality risk management plan for this case study scenario includes identifying areas of risk and healthca re errors, in order to protect future patients from having their safety compromised. The case study describes two patients who received wrong-site surgery; which is considered a sentinel event – preventable and should never occur. According to a report by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Patient Safety Network (2015) titled Wrong-Site, Wrong-Procedure, and Wrong-PatientRead MoreThe American Nurse Association ( Ana ) Code Of Ethics1263 Words   |  6 Pagesare known for their commitment in improving or increasing client health. However, this ethical commitment may not always be met due to breakdowns in healthcare delivery. Deviations such as adoption of unsafe practices or behaviors can lead to sentinel events. Any disconnects or disruptions can be a detriment to client care. This paper will present recent cases of witnessed breakdowns of facility protocols that have led to adoptions of unsafe nursing practices, discuss its impact to healthcare, andRe ad MorePatient Safety And The Medical Errors781 Words   |  4 Pagestoday’s fast paced healthcare environment, patient safety as well as healthcare quality has become a major priority. A growing focus on patient safety and the increasing medical errors has made various healthcare management teams more proactive in identifying and preventing potential risks for patients. While a great deal of progress has been made in recognizing most medical errors, it is also important to note that in a healthcare environment there are a number of factors involved, therefore the strategiesRead MoreRoot Cause Analysis of the Sentinel Event: The Child Abduction Case1675 Words   |  7 PagesRoot Cause Analysis of the Sentinel Event Abstract This paper highlights a root cause analysis of the sentinel event in a case involving child abduction. It describes the sentinel event in addition to explaining the roles of personnel present during the event. The paper further analyses the obstacles that may slow down efficient relations among the personnel present during the sentinel event. It discusses quality improvement methods used in the root cause analysis by outlining a corrective action

Finance as the Lifeblood of Trade and Industry Essay

Essays on Finance as the Lifeblood of Trade and Industry Essay The paper "Finance as the Lifeblood of Trade and Industry" is an outstanding example of an essay on finance and accounting. Finance is the lifeblood of trade and industry. The business world has come to rely on ratio analysis and common-sized income statements and balance sheets when comparing two companies in the same industrial sector (Meigs Meigs, 1989). Also, there is a rough estimate gathered through experience that represents the Industry Average in a particular sector of the corporate world. In this case study, we are going to compare two enterprises in the newspaper industry, Companies O and P, better known as Lee Enterprises and The New York Times Company. While Company P has a well managed centralized inventory system, Company O conforms to the nature of a decentralized operation. P=Cent O=DecentDiscussionThis analysis will combine the information given with ratios mentioned for Companies O and P in the case study for more succinct and well-meaning analysis. Taking the net fixed assets first, we see that Company O has an Asset Turnover of 3.03 compared to Company P’s 2.59. This means that Company O has been more efficient in using its fixed assets than Company P. This would be expected as with centralized operations, Company P would not be in a position to use its fixed assets more profitably than Company O. Moreover it has recently invested in a large centralized headquarters.Regarding the percentage of intangibles to total assets, Company O’s ratio of 76.8 is more than double Company P’s 37.1 percent. This is explained by the fact that much of Company O’s decentralized structure is due to acquisitions and equity interests in unconsolidated subsidiaries, contributing to a high percentage of goodwill on its balance sheet.We next look at the Cost of goods sold percentages for O and P and can deduce that Company O’s CGS is 49.7 percent of sales, compared to Company P’s 40.5 percent for the same period. This sug gests that as a centralized enterprise, Company P has been able to take advantage of volume discounts on the larger orders it must have placed with suppliers of inks, paper and other materials compared to Company O. When revenues, expenses, and inventory ordering points are consolidated, some advantages are clearly possible with a centralized operation.Coming to Selling, General and Administrative Expense percentages, we see that there is again quite a difference, with Company O incurring 23 percent compared to Company P’s 39.7 percent. Although it would ordinarily be expected that Company P having centralized operations would be better off in this area through consolidating expenses, it has not been able to reap this benefit and Company O is better by comparison.Looking at the Price to Earnings Ratios for Company O and P, it is evident that Company O is better off with a P/E of 20.54 compared to Company P’s 13.29. This could reflect market expectations that Company O being decentralized could grow further by acquisitions and add more value to its name. However, the chances of Company P doing the same are slim, as it is already one of the largest and most established names in the newspaper industry.Lastly, taking into account the Net Profit Margin of both companies, we see that Company O has a net profit margin of 12.65 percent compared to Company P’s 8.86 percent. This indicates that Company O though being a smaller company overall, is a local monopoly in the area in which it operates, perhaps being the town’s only newspaper. Company P’s lower net profit margin is justified in the light of the intense competition for readers in major metropolitan cities.ConclusionWe have used the data and comments in the case study to analyze two companies in the newspaper industry. We conclude that although the size and market differentials contribute to differences, consolidation of operations can lead to advantages while decentralization is a boon in some other circumstances.

Where Did She Put My Keys free essay sample

Behind my bookshelf? Under my bed? In my book bag? In my closet? Where in the world did that woman put my d*** keys? I would usually go on for about an hour like this every single time my girlfriend would get upset with me. Steadfast and arrogant, I would never ask her where she had put them. This was her way to show me I was not perfect and I did not know everything. We had been in a relationship for over two years but had been in each others’ eyes for at least triple that amount of time. I will be the first to admit I was not the best boyfriend in the world but I would do my best. In return for all my faults, she would do little annoying things like misplace my keys or, even worse, hiding my cell phone. Sooner or later, I would break my streak of egoism, admit defeat, and ask her where she had hidden it. We will write a custom essay sample on Where Did She Put My Keys? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The object of mystery would always be hidden in an obvious place which I overlooked. Even though my friends mocked me for putting up with her and her high maintenance attitude, it did not bother me much until the day I â€Å"grew up.† For me this experience was equivalent to the day a fifteen-year-old plantation boy in the 1860s was given a rifle and told to go kill some Yankees. But in my case my rifle was armed with harsh, mature words and my target was my girlfriend’s annoying behavior. The next time she hid my keys, I did not bother looking for them. I had grown up and was no longer going to participate in childish games. I told her to stop acting like such a kid and grow up if she ever wanted to speak to me again. The night after I had informed her of my â€Å"profound awakening,† I found myself counting the endless number of dots on the ceiling in the waiting room of INOVA Hospital. It was the only thing I could do to distract myself from the devastating cries of my girlfriend’s parents. Her younger sister was there as well, weeping and asking herself what the last thing she had said to her sister was. I did not have to ask myself the same question. I knew the answer. Instead of enjoyin g my last moments with her and letting her know how much I loved her, I was too busy trying to transform myself into an adult. I wish someone had told me those were going to be the last moments I would ever get to spend with her. I wish someone had told me it was all right to be a kid and play silly games sometimes. I wish I did not have to go through such a horrific event to learn this lesson. Mostly, I just wish she were still here with me. While I was anxiously sitting in the waiting room, I realized something I would never forget. It has haunted me for years and I do not believe I will ever forgive myself. I realized in that eerie period of time that I was lashing out at my girlfriend because I was afraid. I was terrified with the fact that our relationship did not mean anything to most people; they blew us off as another short-lived high school couple. I wanted to show the world that we were different, we were mature for our age and we were ready to spend the rest of our lives together. Unfortunately, life did not give us that chance. For me there are sometimes thoughts about what could have happened if she were still here. Would we still be together or would we have gone our separate way after we truly did â€Å"grow up†? I like to think that we would still be together. She would probably have stopped hiding my keys and phone unless I had done something really bad. My friends would eventually have come to like her after they got to know her. Perhaps though, we would have broken up. How the future would have been if she were still alive is unknown, but the future did not play out as I wanted it to. I never did have to listen to my friends’ gossip about her again; instead all I heard were their grievances: â€Å"I’m so sorry for your loss, be strong.† She really did help me â€Å"grow up.† I realized that I did not know what the future had in store and just how short life could be. All I could do was spend the time that I had letting the people I loved know how much I cared for them, in spite of their faults. The following Sunday, I placed my keys on her casket and wished her goodbye. Months have passed but, every now and then, when I misplace something, for just a second, I smile and I think to myself, she’s at it again.

Twelfth Night Analysis Of Fools Essay Example For Students

Twelfth Night Analysis Of Fools Essay A fool can be defined in many meanings according to theOxford English Dictionary On Historical Principles. The wordcould mean a silly person, or one who professionallycounterfeits folly for the entertainment of others, a jester,clown or one who has little or no reason or intellect orone who is made to appear to be a fool (word originated fromNorth Frisian). In english literature, the two main ways whichthe fool could enter imaginative literature is that He couldprovide a topic, a theme for mediation, or he could turn into astock character on the stage, a stylized comic figure. InWilliam Shakespeares comedy, Twelfth Night, Feste the clown isnot the only fool who is subject to foolery. He and many othercharacters combine their silly acts and wits to invade othercharacters that evade reality or rather realize a dream, whileour sympathies go out to those. It is natural that the foolshould be a prominent attractive figure and make an importantcontribution to the action in forming the con fusion and thehumor in an Elizabethan drama. In Twelfth Night, the clown andthe fools are the ones who combine humor ; wit to make the comedywork. Clowns, jesters, and Buffoons are usually regarded as fools. Their differences could be of how they dress, act or portrayed insociety. A clown for example, was understood to be a country bumpkin or cloun'. In Elizabethan usage, the word clown isambiguous meaning both countryman and principal comedian. Another meaning given to it in the 1600 is a fool or jester. As for a buffoon, it is defined as a man whose profession is tomake low jests and antics postures; a clown, jester, fool. The buffoon is a fool because although he exploits his ownweaknesses instead of being exploited by others.he resemblesother comic fools. This is similar to the definition of aJester who is also known as a buffoon, or a merry andrew. Onemaintained in a princes court or noblemans household. Asyou can see, the buffoon, jester and the clown are all depictedas fools and are related ; tied to each other in some sort ofway. They relatively have the same objectives in their roles butin appearance wise (clothes, physical features) they may bedifferent. In Shakespeares Twelfth Night, Festes role in thisIllyrian comedy is significant because Illyria is a countrypermeated with the spirit of the Feast of Fools, where identitiesare confused, uncivil rule applaudedand no harm is done. In Illyria therefore the fool is not so much a critic of hisenvironment as a ringleader, a merry-companion, a Lord ofMisrule. Being equally welcome above and below stairs.. makesFeste significant as a character.In Twelfth Night, Feste playsthe role of a humble clown employed by Olivias father playingthe licensed fool of their household. We learn this in Oliviasstatement stating that Feste is an allowed fool(I.v.93) meaninghe is licensed, privileged critic to speak the truth of the people around him. We also learn in a statement by Curio to theDuke that Feste is employed by Olivias father. Feste thejester a fool that the Lady Olivias father took much pleasurein(II.iv.11). Feste is more of the comic truth of the comedy. Although hedoes not make any profound remarks, he seems to be the wisestperson within all the characters in the comedy. Viola remarksthis by saying This fellows wise enough to play thefool(III.i.61). Since Feste is a licensed fool, his main rolein Twelfth Night is to speak the truth. This is where the humorlies, his truthfulness. In one example he proves Olivia to be atrue fool by asking her what she was mourning about. The pointFeste tried to make was why was Olivia mourning for a personwhos soul is in heaven? CLOWNGood madonna, why mournst thou?OLIVIA Good Fool, for my brothers death. .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a , .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a .postImageUrl , .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a , .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a:hover , .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a:visited , .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a:active { border:0!important; } .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a:active , .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Euthanasia In The United States Essay CLOWNI think his soul is in hell, madonna. OLIVIA I know his soul is in heaven, fool. CLOWNThe more fool, madonna, to mourn for yourbrothers soul, being in heaven. Take away the fool,gentlemen. Adding to the humor of the comedy, Feste, dresses up as Sir Topaz, the curate and visits the imprisoned Malvolio with Maria and Sir Toby. There he uses his humor to abuse Malvolio who is still unaware that he is actually talking to the clown than to the real Sir Topas. Feste (disguised as Sir Topaz) calls Malvolio a lunatic (IV.ii.23), satan(IV.ii.32) and confuses him by wittingly making him a fool. Throughout the play, Malvolio has always been the person whointentionally spoils the pleasure of other people(killjoy). He is Festes worst nightmare in the play, but in the end is triumphed over by Feste completely and is the only character to show a negative attitude and a dignity reversed. MALVOLIO: Ill be revenged on the whole pack of you! (V.i.378) At the end of the comedy, Feste, is given the last word and is left in possession of the stage. Maria, Olivias companion is another person who seems enthusiastic in playing pranks on other people. In Twelfth Night, she plays the unsuspecting role of a behind the scene fool who gives ideas to Feste, Sir Andrew ; Sir Toby to assist her in her plans. In two incidents, she remains quiet while her plans are carried out by either the Knights or the Clown.Part of the humor that lies in this comedy is that Marias pranks are harsh cruel, using love and power (status of Olivia)to attack Malvolio, steward of Olivia, who is .sick of self love(I.v.90). For this, Malvolios greed for power ends himself locked up in a dark cell and is accused of being mad. She also prepares Feste to disguise as Sir Topaz. This is seen in the quote: Nay,I prithee put on this gown and this beard; make him believe thou are Sir Topas the curate; do it quickly. Ill call Sir Toby the whilst. (IV.ii.1,2,3) Combined with otherfools, Maria helps make Twelfth Night a hilariously funny comedy. Lastly, Sir Toby Belch is another fool in Twelfth Night. His role is helping on the game of make-believe. Always convincing ; encouraging the rich Sir Andrew Aguecheek that he has a chance of winning Lady Olivias love. He is similar to Feste, except he plays the role of a knight and is Olivias kinsman. His role is similar to a fool because he depicts many pranks of a fool. For example in Act II scene iii, while he was drunk he sings along with Feste when Malvolio barges in to shut them up. Whenever there is a prank, Maria invites Sir Toby toparticipate. One such prank was to assist Marias fake letter to make Malvolio think Olivia is in love with him. Sir Tobys make-believe scheme works convincingly on Malvolio. Another prank was to accompany the disguised Feste (Sir Topaz) into the dark cell where Malvolio was imprisoned.This accompaniment was probably to assure Malvolio that the real Sir Topaz is visiting him. Yet it is another make-believe schemeof Sir Toby. In Twelfth Night, the f ools are the ones that control the comedy and humor in the play. They assist in the make believe game and fool around with characters who evade reality or ratherrealize a dream. In Twelfth Night, Feste, Maria and Sir Toby are the fools that make the comedy work in many senses. They create the confusion through humor and it all works out in the end to make William Shakespeares Twelfth Night a really funny Elizabethan play.